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浅议检察工作一体化的该当性/刘玲芳

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浅议检察工作一体化的该当性
——以中国特色社会主义制度为视角

湖北省利川市人民检察院 刘玲芳

【内容摘要】:以“上下统一、横向协作、内部整合、总体统筹”为要求的“检察工作一体化”是为增强检察机关法律监督的整体效能而推行的工作机制创新, 是检察改革的重要内容。基于对检察制度本质的认识,本文试图将这一创新机制放置于整个中国特色社会主义制度中来剖析,探寻“检察工作一体化”最高的宪法效力和根本的政治渊源,从而论证这一创新机制天然的“皇家血脉”和无可辩驳的该当性地位,以期为这一机制的推行奠定坚实的理论基础。
【关键词】:“检察工作一体化”;中国特色社会主义制度;该当性

一、对“检察工作一体化”的内涵解读
时下,随着我国全面建设小康社会步伐坚定不移的迈进,中国各项制度以科学发展观为指导正如火如荼地进行着改革创新,作为国家政治制度中至关重要的检察制度也从有到无,走过30年的恢复重建并不断完善的风雨历程,在进一步深化检察改革中, 湖北省人民检察院于2006 年12 月出台了《关于在全省检察机关实行检察工作一体化机制的指导意见》,制定、修订了多个配套性制度, 形成了以《指导意见》为主、以配套制度为辅的“检察工作一体化”规范体系。
(一)根据湖北省人民检察院《关于在全省检察机关实行检察工作一体化机制的指导意见》, “检察工作一体化”的总体要求是“上下统一、横向协作、内部整合、总体统筹”。 “上下统一”就是要充分发挥检察机关领导体制的优势, 强化上级检察院对下级检察院的领导关系, 下级服从上级, 上级支持下级, 克服检察权地方化、部门化的倾向; “横向协作”就是要加强各地检察机关之间的工作协作, 互通情况, 加强沟通, 相互支持与配合; “内部整合”就是要摒弃检察机关内部各个业务部门各自为政、相互封锁、相互制肘的办案旧模式, 充分发挥检察机关各业务部门的职能作用与优势,在工作中加强配合与联系, 形成合力; “总体统筹”就是要强调检察机关和检察工作整体的统一性、有序性、协调性, 检察机关上下之间、横向之间以及检察机关内设机构之间结成统一的整体, 运转高效、协调有序, 充分发挥法律监督整体效能。
(二)在现行检察机关领导体制与国家政治体制相适应、符合检察工作实际需要的背景和前提下,检察机关首先要在工作机制层面实行“检察工作一体化”,而不是建立与是否实行“检察独立”、“垂直领导”领导体制问题相关联的“检察一体化”。 检察工作一体化机制强调检察工作的整体性、统一性, 将所有检察机关和检察工作作为统一的整体来考虑,不能把整体的一体化分割为各个业务系统的上下一体化或部门的一体化。推行检察工作一体化机制符合宪法规定的检察机关领导体制的要求, 对于发挥检察机关体制优势, 优化检察资源配置, 加强内部协作配合, 形成法律监督合力, 提高执法水平与效率, 增强法律监督能力, 树立法律监督权威具有十分重要的意义。

二、“检察工作一体化”根源于中国特色社会主义制度
(一)“检察工作一体化”在现行法制框架下的逻辑地位
根据我国宪法规定,人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关,依法独立行使检察权。在我国,人民检察院是专门执行法律监督的国家机关,它通过行使检察权对各级国家机关、国家机关工作人员和公民是否遵守宪法和法律实行监督。从以上的法律表述中我们不难得出“检察工作一体化”是以检察权为逻辑起点,其逻辑结构为检察机关的根本价值在于对检察权的行使,检察权的行使要通过履行法律监督职能予以实现,而法律监督职能的实现有赖于基于对检察工作规律性认识而不断深化完善的机制创新, “上下统一、横向协作、内部整合、总体统筹”的“检察工作一体化”正是在这种背景下应运而生,旨在通过加强检察机关上下、横向、内部三维整合,形成合力、协调统一从而确保充分行使检察权履行法律监督职能,也就是说,“检察工作一体化”和检察权的行使是手段与目的、服务与被服务的辩证关系,从而科学合理地阐释了“检察工作一体化”的宪法依据,赋予“检察工作一体化”这一理念的权威性。
检察机关履行法律监督职能的根本目的, 就是维护国家法律的统一、正确实施, 维护社会主义法制的统一、尊严、权威, 维护社会的公平和正义。“检察工作一体化”强调检察权的统一行使, 强调检察机关和检察工作整体的统一性、有序性、协调性, 这正是检察机关正确履行职责、维护法制统一、尊严、权威的改革举措和机制保障。在我国的政治法律制度下, 维护法制统一、尊严、权威离不开坚强而有力的法律监督。法制要统一, 首先必须做到法律监督机关的检令畅通, 法制的尊严和权威要以有效的监督作保证。推行“检察工作一体化”机制创新, 就是要通过完善配套制度, 强化改革措施, 使检察机关上下之间、横向之间以及检察机关内设机构之间结成统一的整体, 运转高效, 关系协调, 充分发挥整体效能。
(二)“检察工作一体化”与我国国体的关系
马克思主义国家理论认为,国家性质也即国体,反映一个国家的阶级本质,任何国家的实质都是阶级专政、一个阶级压迫另一个阶级的工具。国家作为统治阶级专政的工具,必须通过一定的形式表现出来,国家形式就是一国统治阶级实现国家权力的形式,包括国家政权组织形式和国家结构形式,国家性质在一般情况下决定国家形式,国家形式反映并制约国家性质。
我国《宪法》第1条规定:“我国是人民民主专政的社会主义国家。”包括对人民民主和对敌人专政两个方面的内容,而检察权无论是在英美法系中隶属于行政权还是大陆法系隶属于司法权,它都作为国家权力结构中不可或缺的一部分,对一个国家的国体起着反作用。在我国,实行议行和一的权力模式下,检察权直接来源于人民权力的让渡,为此,我国的检察权肩负着保护人民合法权益的神圣职责,在我们人民民主专政的社会主义国家,要准确、及时、有力地打击敌人,惩罚犯罪,保护人民,必须建立社会主义法制。国家不仅要立法,而且要保障宪法和法律的统一实施。为此,除了由各级人民代表大会行使法律监督权外,还需要有一个专门的机关来监督法律的统一遵循,检察机关的任务正是维护法制、保障民主、加强专政、服务四化。为不断适应新形式的发展,履行使命,检察机关只有不断创新发展,那么“检察工作一体化”正是顺应这一趋势遵循这一规律加强统一,协调高效维护法制统一,维护人民民主。
(三)“检察工作一体化”与我国政体的关系
政体也即国家政治组织形式,是基于国家权力运用的需要而设置的相应国家机关,并在这些国家机关间进行权力配置的国家政治制度。我国实现的是人民代表大会制度,有人民统一行使国家权力,我国的权力配置不同于西方“三权分立”,行政权、立法权、司法权各自独立。在我国“议行合一”的体制下人民统一行使权力的地方是各级人民代表大会,各级国家机关都有它产生并受它监督。
同样,各级检察机关都有同级人民代表大会选举产生,对它负责、受它监督,各级检察机关独立行使检察权,上下级检察机关是领导与被领导的关系。也就是说,全国各级、各地区检察机关并非独立存在,而是作为一个整体统一行使检察权,不受任何国家机关、人民团体和个人干涉。“检察工作一体化”正是检察机关在国家权力配置中的真实镜像,通过推行“检察工作一体化”统筹各级、各部门、各区域的工作, 正确处理检察工作全局与局部的关系, 通过加强上下级之间、各部门之间、不同区域的协调配合, 做到步调一致, 形成合力,有助于优化职权配置、规范执法行为、提高监督能力, 有助于维护检察工作的整体性、统一性, 实现执法办案的法律效果、社会效果和政治效果的有机统一, 进而推动检察工作全面协调可持续发展
(四)“检察工作一体化”与我国国家结构形式的关系
我国实现单一制的国家结构形式,全国只有一部宪法,遵循在中央的统一领导下,充分发挥地方的积极性、主动性。虽然这一制度旨在各级划分行政权,但是我国的行政权、检察权都是受权于各级人大,统一于人民主权,在行政权的配置中我们可以找到相似的依据,各级检察机关上下是领导于被领导的关系,下级服从上级,上级支持下级,统一形式检察权,既维护上级的权威又保障了地方部门的积极性、主动性,充分体现了我们人民民主的国家性质和社会主义制度的优越性。

三、“检察工作一体化”的现实意义
在湖北检察机关全面推进“检察工作一体化”的改革实践中, 这一制度体系充分发挥了优化职权配置的效能, 有力地维护了检察工作的整体性、统一性, 增强了法律监督的整体合力,提高了检察机关的法律监督能力,促进了各项检察工作持续健康协调发展,这一机制必将在今后的工作中发挥更大的价值。
一是可保障我国宪政体制的正常运行。我国的全国人民代表大会是国家最高权力机关,同时行使立法权,有权监督由它产生的行政机关、审判机关和检察机关,从而实现人民主权的统一。“检察工作一体化”是以人民代表大会制度为基础的权力制衡的必然要求。
二是可保障法律的统一正确实施。我国宪法规定检察机关为国家法律监督机关,为了保证法律监督的权威性和有效性,真正发挥检察权的法律监督作用,保障国家法律的严格遵守,客观上也要求检察机关成为一个有机共同体,如果各地和各级检察机关各自为战、自行其是,不能形成法律监督的合力,就很容易受到地方保护主义和部门保护主义以及其他各种势力的干扰,就难以依法独立行使检察权。
三是可保障检察职能的有效行使。法律监督机关是国家法制的守护者,其监督行为必须而且只能以法律为依据。为此,必须保持检察机关及其法律监督活动的独立性和一体化,以实现其超然性、公正性、效率性与有效性。同时,职务犯罪侦查行为是法律监督的必然内容和重要手段,是法律与权势的对抗性较量,其行使尤其需要独立性来保障。公诉权的行使也应当具有独立性。公诉权具有较为明显的司法性,是代表国家对涉嫌犯罪的行为进行追诉。尤其是不起诉的运用是代表国家确定一个人无罪或因犯罪轻微等原因不追究其刑事责任,这本身就是适用法律并对案件进行某种实体意义处理的“司法行为”。公诉权(包括不起诉权)的司法性质,使检察独立和检察一体化成为公诉权正当行使的应有之义。
四是可保障司法公正和程序正义。检察工作一体化使得检察机关成为一个与审判机关、行政机关相区别的独立机构体系,可增强检察活动的客观公允性;检察机关成为一个有机整体,能提升整体对抗刑事犯罪的力量,增强诉讼活动的有效性;同时整合检察资源,能够有效提高诉讼效率

MARITIME TRAFFIC SAFETY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


MARITIME TRAFFIC SAFETY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Second Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 7 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on September 2, 1983, and
effective as of January, 1, 1984)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Inspection and Registration of Vessels
Chapter III Personnel on Vessels and Installations
Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Chapter V Safety Protection
Chapter VI Transport of Dangerous Goods
Chapter VII Rescue from Disasters at Sea
Chapter VIII Salvage and Removal of Sunken and Drifting Objects
Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Chapter X Legal Liability
Chapter XI Special Provisions
Chapter XII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This law is formulated in order to strengthen the control of maritime
traffic; ensure the safety of vessels, installations, human life and
property; and safeguard the rights and interests of the state.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to all vessels, installations and personnel and to
the owners and managers of such vessels and installations that navigate,
berth or operate in the coastal waters of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The harbour superintendence agencies of the People's Republic of China
shall be the competent authorities responsible for the unified supervision
and administration of traffic safety in the coastal waters.

Chapter II Inspection and Registration of Vessels
Article 4
Vessels and their major equipment relating to navigation safety must have
valid technical certificates issued by vessel inspection departments.
Article 5
A vessel must have a certificates showing its nationality, a vessel
registry certificate or a vessel licence.

Chapter III Personnel on Vessels and Installations
Article 6
Vessels shall be manned with qualified crew members according to a
standard quota to ensure the vessels' safety.
Article 7
The captain, chief engineer, pilot, engineers, radio and telephone
operators and similar personnel on board seaplanes or submersibles must
hold valid job certificates. All other crew members must undergo
specialized technical training required for their work.
Article 8
In accordance with state provisions, all installations shall be provided
with personnel who have mastered the techniques of collision avoidance,
signalling, communications, fire control, life-saving and other
operations.
Article 9
All personnel on vessels and installations must observe relevant rules and
regulations concerning maritime traffic safety, follow the operating rules
and ensure the safety of the vessels and installations in navigation,
berthing and operations.

Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Article 10
While navigating, berthing or carrying out operations, vessels and
installations must abide by the relevant laws, administrative statutes and
rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
Article 11
Non-military vessels of foreign nationality may not enter the internal
waters and harbours of the People's Republic of China without the approval
of its competent authorities. However, under unexpected circumstances such
as critical illness of personnel, engine breakdown or the vessels being in
distress or seeking shelter from weather when they do not have the time to
obtain approval, they may, while entering China's internal waters of
harbour, make an emergency report to the competent authorities and shall
obey its directions.
Military vessels of foreign nationality may not enter the territorial
waters of the People's Republic of China without the approval of the
Government of the People's Republic of China.
Article 12
Vessels sailing on international routes that enter and leave the harbours
of the People's Republic of China must accept inspection by the competent
authorities. Vessels of Chinese nationality sailing on domestic routes
that enter and leave such harbours must obtain port entry and departure
visas.
Article 13
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving a harbour of the
People's Republic of China, navigating or shifting berths in the harbour
area, or approaching or leaving mooring points or loading spots outside
the harbour must be navigated by a pilot designated by the competent
authorities.
Article 14
When entering or leaving harbours or passing through controlled traffic
areas, crowded navigable areas or areas where navigational conditions are
restricted, vessels must observe the special regulations promulgated by
the Government of the People's Republic of China or by the competent
authorities.
Article 15
Vessels shall be prohibited from entering or passing through restricted
navigation zones unless specially permitted by the competent authorities.
Article 16
Towing operations on the open sea involving large-sized installations and
mobile platforms must undergo towing inspection conducted by vessel
inspection departments and be reported to the competent authorities for
examination and approval.
Article 17
If the competent authorities finds the actual condition of a vessel to be
not in conformity with what is stated in the vessel's certificates, it
shall have the right to require the vessel to apply for a new inspection
or notify its owner or manager to adopt effective safety measures.
Article 18
If the competent authorities believes that a vessel presents a menace to
the safety of a harbour, it shall have the right to forbid the vessel from
entering the harbour or to order it to leave the harbour.
Article 19
The competent authorities shall have the right to forbid a vessel or an
installation from leaving the harbour or order it to suspend its voyage,
change its route or cease its operations under any one of the following
circumstances:
(1) if it violates any law, administrative statute or other rule or
regulation of the People's Republic of China;
(2) if it is in a condition unsuitable for navigation or towing;
(3) if it was involved in a traffic accident and has not completed the
necessary formalities;
(4) if it has not paid the fees that are due or furnished appropriate
security to the competent authorities or the department concerned: or
(5) if the competent authorities considers that there are other
circumstances that will jeopardize or might jeopardize maritime traffic
safety.

Chapter V Safety Protection
Article 20
Construction operations to be carried out on the surface or underwater in
coastal waters and the demarcation of corresponding safe operation zones
must be reported to the competent authorities for examination and approval
and must be publicly announced. Vessels not involved in the construction
project may not enter the safe operation zones. The construction unit may
not enlarge such zones without authorization. When shore lines are to be
used in harbour areas or when construction work, including overhead
operations, is to be carried out on the sea surface or underwater in such
areas, the plan and a drawing thereof must be submitted to the competent
authorities for examination and approval.
Article 21
The designation of restricted navigation zones in coastal waters must be
approved by the State Council or the competent authorities. However, the
designation of restricted navigation zones for military purposes shall be
approved by the competent department of the state in charge of military
affairs.
The restricted navigation zones shall be announced by the competent
authorities.
Article 22
Without the approval of the competent authorities, no installations may be
established or constructed, nor may any activities that hinder
navigational safety be carried out in harbour areas, anchorages,
navigation lanes, or crowded navigable areas, as well as in navigation
routes announced by the competent authorities.
With respect to any installations which have been established or
constructed in the above-mentioned areas without authorization, the
competent authorities shall have the right to order their owners to remove
or dismantle the installations within a given period of time.
Article 23
It shall be forbidden to damage navigation aids or navigational
facilities. Whoever has damaged navigation aids or navigational facilities
shall immediately report the damage to the competent authorities and be
liable for compensation.
Article 24
Vessels and installations shall promptly make a report to the competent
authorities if they discover any of the following situations:
(1) If navigation aids or navigational facilities malfunction or become
abnormal;
(2) if an obstacle or drifting object jeopardizing the safety of
navigation is discovered; or
(3) if there are other abnormal situations jeopardizing the safety of
navigation.
Article 25
No obstacle affecting the efficacy of navigation aids may be erected or
installed in areas surrounding the aids. Any lights in the vicinity of the
navigation aids or navigational lanes that jeopardize navigation safety
shall be properly screened.
Article 26
When removing or dismantling installations, salvaging or removing sunken
ships or objects, and handling the finishing operations of underwater
projects, no hidden dangers shall be left to menace navigational or
operational safety. Before the aforesaid operations have been properly
completed, their owners or managers must be responsible for erecting
markers as required and making an accurate report to the competent
authority on the type, shape, size and location of the obstacle and the
depth of water over it.
Article 27
Safety administration must be strengthened with respect to harbour
wharves, mooring points and loading spots outside of harbour areas as well
as ship locks, so that they are always kept in good condition.
Article 28
To meet the requirements of maritime traffic safety, the competent
authority shall fix and adjust traffic control areas and harbour
anchorages. The designation of anchorages outside of harbour areas shall
be announced by the competent authority after the report relative thereto
has been submitted to and approved by higher authorities.
Article 29
The competent authorities shall, in accordance with relevant provisions of
the state, be responsible for issuing navigational warnings and
navigational notices.
Article 30
In order to ensure the safety of navigation, berthing and operations, the
departments concerned shall maintain unimpeded communications facilities,
ensure distinct and effective navigation aids and navigational facilities
and, in a timely manner, provide offshore meteorological forecasts and
necessary books and reference materials concerning maritime navigation.
Article 31
When vessels and installations are involved in accidents that jeopardize
or may jeopardize traffic safety, the competent authorities shall have the
right to take necessary, compulsory measures to deal with the matter.

Chapter VI Transport of Dangerous Goods
Article 32
When vessels or installations store, load, unload or transport dangerous
goods, they must maintain safe and reliable equipment and conditions and
observe the state provisions governing the control and transport of
dangerous goods.
Article 33
When vessels load and transport dangerous goods, they must go through the
procedures for declaration to the competent authorities and they may not
enter or leave the harbour or load or unload until approval has been
obtained.

Chapter VII Rescue from Disasters at Sea
Article 34
When vessels, installations or aircraft are in distress, they shall, in
addition to issuing distress signals calling for help, use the quickest
method possible to report to the competent authorities the time and place
of the accident, the extent of damage, the assistance required and the
cause of the accident.
Article 35
Vessels, installations or aircraft in distress and their owners or mangers
shall take all effective measures to organize their own rescue efforts.
Article 36
When vessels or installations in the vicinity of the scene of an accident
receive a distress signal or discover that people's lives are endangered,
they shall do their best to rescue the people in distress insofar as their
own safety is not seriously endangered, and promptly report to the
competent authorities the situation at the scene, their own names, call
numbers and positions.
Article 37
Vessels or installations involved in a collision shall exchange their
names, nationalities and ports of registry and do their best to rescue
personnel in distress. The vessels involved may not leave the scene of
the accident without authorization, insofar as their own safety is not
seriously endangered.
Article 38
Upon receiving a request for rescue, the competent authorities shall
immediately organize a rescue operation. All units concerned and vessels
or installations in the vicinity of the scene must act under the orders of
the competent authorities.
Article 39
When a foreign country intends to dispatch vessels or aircraft into the
territorial waters or the airspace over the territorial waters of the
People's Republic of China to search for and rescue vessels or people in
distress, it must obtain the approval of the competent [Chinese]
authorities.

Chapter VIII Salvage and Removal of Sunken and Drifting Objects
Article 40
With respect to sunken or drifting objects that may affect the safety of
navigation and the management of navigation lanes, as well as those
constituting a threat of explosion, the owners or managers thereof shall
salvage and remove such objects within a deadline set by the competent
authorities. Otherwise, the competent authorities shall have the right to
take measures to compel the salvage and removal of the objects, and their
owners or managers shall bear all the expenses incurred thereby.
The provisions of this Article shall not prejudice the rights of the
owners or managers of the sunken or drifting objects to demand
compensation from third parties.
Article 41
No sunken vessels or sunken objects in the coastal waters may be salvaged
or dismantled without the approval of the competent authorities.

Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Article 42
Any vessel or installation involved in a traffic accident shall submit a
written accident report and relative materials to the competent
authorities and accept its investigation and handling of the accident.
While being investigated by the competent authorities the parties involved
in the accident and relevant personnel must give a truthful account of
circumstances at the scene of the accident and other relevant information.
Article 43
In the event of a traffic accident that involves a vessel or installation,
the competent authorities shall ascertain the cause of the accident and
fix the responsibility for it.

Chapter X Legal Liability
Article 44
The competent authorities shall, in the light of the circumstances, impose
one or more of the following penalties on anyone who violates this Law:
(1) warnings;
(2) withholding or revoking work certificates; or
(3) fines.
Article 45
If a party does not accept the penalty of a fine or revocation of his work
certificate imposed by the competent authorities, he may bring suit in a
people's court within 15 days after receiving notification of the penalty.
If he neither brings suit nor complies with the penalty upon the
expiration of that period, the competent authorities shall request
compulsory enforcement from the people's court.
Article 46
A civil dispute arising from a maritime traffic accident may be settled
through mediation by the competent authorities. If the parties are
unwilling to have the case mediated or if the mediation is unsuccessful,
the parties may bring suit in the people's court. Parties to a case
involving foreign interests may also submit the case to an arbitration
agency for mediation, in accordance with the written agreement concluded
between them.
Article 47
Those whose violation of this Law constitutes a crime shall be
investigated for their criminal responsibility by judicial organs in
accordance with the Law.

Chapter XI Special Provisions
Article 48
Within the waters of fishing harbours, the state fisheries administration
and fishing harbour superintendence agencies shall exercise the functions
and powers of the competent authorities as provided in this Law, being
responsible for the supervision and administration of traffic safety and
for the investigation and handling of traffic accidents between fishing
vessels in coastal waters. Concrete measures for implementation shall be
separately prescribed by the State Council.
Article 49
The internal administration of offshore military jurisdictional areas and
military vessels and installations, the administration of surface and
underwater operations carried out for military purposes, and the
inspection and registration of public security vessels, the provision of
their personnel and the issuing of their port entry and departure visas
shall be separately prescribed by the relevant competent departments of
the state in accordance with this Law.

Chapter XII Supplementary Provisions
Article 50
For the purpose of this Law, the definitions of the following terms are:
"Coastal waters" means the harbours, inland waters, territorial waters and
all other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the state along the seacoast
of the People's Republic of China.
"Vessels" means all types of displacement or non-displacement ships,
rafts, seaplanes, submersibles and mobile platforms.
"Installations" means all types of surface and underwater structures or
installations, whether fixed or floating, and fixed platforms.
"Operations" means investigations, exploration, exploitation, survey
construction, dredging, demolition, rescue, salvage, towing, fishing,
aquatic breeding, loading and unloading, scientific experimentation and
other surface and underwater operations.
Article 51
The competent department of the State Council shall, on the basis of this
Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which shall go into effect
after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 52
In cases of conflict between laws and regulations pertaining to maritime
traffic safety hitherto promulgated and this Law, this Law shall prevail.
Article 53
This Law shall go into effect on January 1, 1984.




Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

关于进一步开展中小学勤工俭学活动的暂行规定

山西省政府


关于进一步开展中小学勤工俭学活动的暂行规定
山西省政府



第一条 勤工俭学是以发展教育事业为宗旨的多种形式的生产经营活动和教育活动,是教育事业的重要组成部分。为了进一步促进我省中小学勒工俭学的发展,根据国务院的有关规定,制定本规定。
第二条 开展勤工俭学,当前应以校办企业(含工、农、林、牧、商、服、饮、修以及科技开发、技术咨询和实用人才培训等,下同)为主要形式。
各级教育行政部门应加强对勤工俭学的领导和管理。各级计划、经济、财政、金融、税务、工商行政管理、劳动、人事、物资等有关部门,应积极扶持校办企业的发展。
第三条 各级教育行政部门,应按照国发(1983)25号《国务院批转教育部等部门关于进一步开展勤工俭学活动的请示和通知》和国办发〔1987〕72号《国务院办公厅转发国家教育委员会关于教育部门勤工俭学管理机构有关问题请示的通知》的要求,设置勤工俭学管理机构。各地原有
的勤工俭学领导组,应予保留或恢复。
第四条 中小学校兴办各类企业,应经教育行政部门审核同意后,按规定向当地工商行政管理机关申请登记,领取营业执照。
校办企业应为事业性质,实行企业化管理,独立核算,自负盈亏。
第五条 校办企业具有生产和经营双重职能。
校办企业应当坚持改革、开放、搞活的方针,在管理体制上,逐步实行所有权和经营权的分离,推行各种形式的经济责任制;注意技术引进、技术改造和新产品开发,不断提高生产水平与经济效益,增强校办企业的竞争能力和自我发展能力。
第六条 各级人民政府及其有关部门,应把校办企业纳入地方经济发展规划,在产供销等方面予以统筹安排。校办企业生产所需的材料、设备、燃料等国家统配物资,按企业隶属关系由当地计划部门统筹解决。省根据需要可适当给予专项补助。
各厂矿企业、大专院校和科研单位,应采取扩散产品、联合经营、来科加工、建立厂外车间以及提供科技成果和科技信息等方式,帮助中小学开展勤工俭学。
工业主管部门应把所属企业扶持校办企业的工作纳入计划,并负责检查落实。
第七条 开展勤工俭学所需的资金,应主要依靠校办企业内部逐步积累解决。在办厂初期或临时发生资金周转困难时,可依照下列办法解决:
一、由教育行政部门在保证教育经费正常需要的前提下,从教育经费中统筹安排一定数量的勤工俭学周转金;
二、省、地、县财政部门,根据财力情况,每年安排一定数量的勤工俭学周转金;
三、由教育行政部门,在本系统内适当调借教育事业费作为周转金有偿使用;
四、由教育行政部门按规定提取勤工俭学统筹资金;
五、各级工商银行、农业银行每年安排一定数量贷款额度;
六、发动社会各行各业、各有关部门及热心教育事业的人士赞助;
七、经上级教育行政部门批准,部分校办企业可试行股份制。
第八条 校办企业除按原规定免征校办工业、农业的所得税和能源交通重点建设基金外,属下列情况的,在税收政策上给予优惠:
一、小学校办企业,除生产销售全国统一规定不许减免税的产品需按规定征收产品税、增值税外,对生产销售的其它产品及兴办的服务性企业,给予免征产品税、增值税、营业税二年的照顾。兴办的商业企业,需按规定征收营业税。应纳税的校办企业如确有困难的,可按税收管理体制
规定,提出申请经税务机关批准后,给予定期减免税照顾。
二、中、小学校兴办的商业、服务业等第三产业,免征所得税二年,减免税部分应主要用于教育事业发展。
三、中、小学的校办企业与外单位联合兴办企业的征税等其它税收问题一律按国务院国发〔1989〕9号文件规定执行。
四、校办集体企业,如承包或出租给外单位或个人经营的,由承包一方按规定纳税。
第九条 各级教育行政部门,应把勤工俭学基地建设作为学校建设的一项重要内容,纳入学校建设总体规划,统筹安排。
在农村经学校申请,当地人民政府可根据实际情况,划拨一部分土地(包括山林、水搪、牧场等),作为学校生产经营基地和学生劳动基地,归学校长期使用。
各地还应积极创造条件,扩大现有校办企业的规模,使之逐步适应劳动技术教育和职业技术培训的要求。对于有较好经济效益,但不宜学生参加劳动的企业或项目,可以开辟新的,以老养新。
教育行政部门应积极扶持校办企业的扩建、改建工作,并统一列入学校的基建、维修计划。
第十条 校办企业的利润,可按规定先抵补上年亏损和按规定用贷款项目新增利润归还贷款后,交纳所得税,税后利润按下列规定比例进行调整:
一、校办工厂:
1、上缴学校 40%
2、公积金 40%
3、公益金 10%
4、企业基金 5%
5、统筹基金 5%
二、校办农业(包括商、服、饮各业):
1、上缴学校 60%
2、公积金 25%
3、公益金 10%
4、企业基金 3%
5、统筹基金 2%

新办企业可免缴统筹基金一年。
第十一条 校办企业上缴学校的资金,应由上级教育行政部门核定,一次或数次拨给学校使用。主要用于学校改善办学条件和教职员工福利待遇,其开支比例可按六四分成。校办企业,完成上缴学校资金后,有权拒绝学校摊派的费用。学校的一切合理开支,也不得在校办企业摊销。
统筹基金应遵循逐级上缴的原则,校办企业应于年末上缴给所属教育行政部门的勤工俭学的管理机构;各地、市、县(区)应将所收取的统筹基金的百分之二十上缴上级勤工俭学管理机构统一使用。
各级教育行政部门提取的统筹基金,主要用于扶持校办企业发展生产、技术开发、技术改造。其中,可提取百分之二十至百分之二十五,作为勤工俭学的业务活动基金和对勤工俭学管理人员(包括校、厂长)及有功人员的奖励基金。
第十二条 校办企业可根据需要从社会企事业单位、大专院校、科研院所招聘各种专(兼)职技术人员,其报酬由双方单位协商确定。
对学校教职工参与校办企业经营活动和生产技术开发,并取得经济效益的,可按取得经济效益的多少给予合理的补贴和奖励。对为校办企业承揽任务、采购原材料、推销产品、传播技术信息等的教职工,允许企业给予适当补助和奖励。
第十三条 各级劳动人事部门和教育行政部门要核定适当的事业编制,用于勤工俭学。
学校派到校办企业的教职工,仍属学校事业编制。
校办企业的其它各类专业技术人员,应评聘相应的专业技术职务。
第十四条 对从事勤工俭学有突出贡献的单位和个人,应予表彰和奖励。
受到国家、省、地(市)、县(市、区)教育行政部门表彰的勤工俭学先进个人,享受同级教育行政部门表彰的优秀教师等待遇。
第十五条 校办企业职工的劳动福利及粮食补贴标准等,可根据企业生产经营情况,并参照同行业、同工种的标准执行,由当地有关部门解决。
学校派到校办企业的教职工,在企业工作期间,其各种劳保、奖金及福利待遇可按国家和地方同类企业的有关规定执行。
各级教育行政部门应加强对校办企业职工的思想政治教育和专业技术培训,结合本地区的具体情况,举办各种形式的培训班,有计划地培训校办企业工人、技术人员、财会人员和经济管理人员,并应建立相应的考核、奖惩制度。
各有关部门要对培训工作给予指导和帮助。
第十六条 校办企业经有关部门批准,可招聘合同工和临时工。
在分配大中专毕业生、录用职业中学毕业生时,应适当照顾校办企业生产发展基地建设的需要。
第十七条 本规定由山西省教育委员会负责解释。
第十八条 本规定自发布之日起施行。



1989年6月27日